（1）光學(xué)電子系統(tǒng)的物方和像方
物方（物室內(nèi)空間）：物點(diǎn)所屬的室內(nèi)空間（包括入射角線以及延伸線）。
像方（像室內(nèi)空間）：像點(diǎn)所屬的室內(nèi)空間（包括出射光源以及延伸線）。
（2）物與像的共軛點(diǎn)性
針對(duì)給出的光學(xué)電子系統(tǒng)，不管物與好像乃是虛，均具備共軛點(diǎn)特點(diǎn)，即：將物點(diǎn)挪到原先的像點(diǎn)部位，并使光源沿反向射進(jìn)光具組，像過關(guān)斬將出現(xiàn)在原先的物點(diǎn)部位上。那樣的一對(duì)虛像點(diǎn)被稱作共軛點(diǎn)。
虛像中間的等光程性
等光程面和嚴(yán)苛顯像
光學(xué)鏡片系統(tǒng)軟體嚴(yán)苛（理想化）顯像的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
（1）同性情不會(huì)改變：由物點(diǎn)傳出的同舟光線根據(jù)光具組后維持同性情不會(huì)改變。
（2）等光程顯像：由物點(diǎn)傳出的全部光源根據(jù)光具組后均要以相同的光程抵達(dá)像點(diǎn)。
探討
（1）同性情不會(huì)改變標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和等光程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是等額的的。
（2）不符合理想化顯像標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時(shí)，即同性情被光具組毀壞的狀況下，出射光線變成像散光線，像點(diǎn)變成彌漫斑。
（3）從等光程性與同性情不會(huì)改變標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的等效電路性，能夠?qū)ξ锏墓曹椣顸c(diǎn)做界定：針對(duì)一個(gè)物點(diǎn)，假如相對(duì)的光學(xué)電子系統(tǒng)能使其傳出的全部光源，均以相同的光程根據(jù)另一點(diǎn)，則該點(diǎn)與物點(diǎn)共軛點(diǎn)，稱之為像點(diǎn)。
等光程面：若某一斜面的反射面或映射能使從某一點(diǎn)傳出的光源抵達(dá)另一點(diǎn)時(shí)具備相同的光程，則該斜面稱之為該二點(diǎn)間的等光程面。僅有等光程的反射面、映射才可以確保嚴(yán)苛顯像。
反射面等光程面
①理想化顯像的基礎(chǔ)規(guī)定是考慮同舟光線的不變，而且從全部物和像的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系看，還務(wù)必要考慮虛像間的相似度。
②室內(nèi)空間上每個(gè)點(diǎn)中間的互相部位要一一對(duì)應(yīng)，另外每一對(duì)虛像點(diǎn)的色調(diào)要一一對(duì)應(yīng)。
③規(guī)定顯像的光學(xué)電子系統(tǒng)不造成崎變，沒有像差、偏色等。
④理想化光具組是嚴(yán)苛顯像的必備條件。
(1) Object Space and Image Space in Optical-Electronic Systems
? Object Space (Object Domain):
The space to which an object point belongs, including incident rays and their extensions.
? Image Space (Image Domain):
The space to which an image point belongs, including emerging rays and their extensions.
(2) Conjugate Points of Objects and Images
For a given optical-electronic system, whether the object and image are real or virtual, they exhibit the characteristic of conjugate points. If an object point is moved to the original position of the image point, and the light rays are reversed through the optical system, the image will appear at the original position of the object point. Such a pair of virtual points is referred to as conjugate points.
Equi-Optical Path Nature of Virtual Images:
? Equi-Optical Path Surface: A plane or reflection surface where light from one point reaches another with the same optical path length. Only equi-optical path surfaces can ensure strict imaging.
Criteria for Strict (Ideal) Imaging in Optical Lens Systems
1. Preservation of Concentricity:
Concentric rays emitted from an object point maintain their concentricity after passing through the optical system.
2. Equi-Optical Path Imaging:
All light rays emitted from an object point arrive at the image point with the same optical path length after passing through the optical system.
Discussion
1. Equivalence of Concentricity Preservation and Equi-Optical Path Criteria:
These two criteria are equivalent and essential for ideal imaging.
2. Deviations from Ideal Imaging:
If the optical system does not meet the ideal imaging criteria (e.g., concentricity is disrupted), the emerging rays become astigmatic, and the image point becomes a blur spot.
3. Definition of Conjugate Points:
For an object point, if the corresponding optical-electronic system ensures that all light rays emitted from it pass through another point with the same optical path length, that point is the conjugate image point of the object point, referred to as the image point.
4. Equi-Optical Path Surface:
If a reflective or refractive surface allows light emitted from one point to reach another point with the same optical path length, that surface is referred to as the equi-optical path surface for those two points. Only equi-optical path surfaces can ensure strict imaging.
Fundamental Requirements for Ideal Imaging
1. Preservation of Concentricity:
Concentricity of rays must remain unchanged, and object-image correspondence must be maintained for all points.
2. Color Correspondence:
Each pair of virtual image points must correspond in spatial position and color.
3. Absence of Aberrations:
The optical system must not introduce distortions, such as aberrations or chromatic errors.
4. Ideal Optical System:
An ideal optical system is a prerequisite for achieving strict imaging.
